Abstract
Existing literature suggests that progress has been made concerning women’s access to managerial opportunities. However, few women are in top management positions. Moreover, scholars state that responsibilities from domestic obligations, primarily children and children caring duties, have a major influence on the positions women can accept. This study aims to investigate further how career progression is impacting women who choose to have children, by exploring society’s perceptions of mothers, employers’ perceptions of mothers, and a women’s own perception of their role as a mother using a thematic approach, investigating both a western and non-western view.
A review of the current literature is followed by analysis of semi-structured interview questions. Five women with leadership positions in either entrepreneurial or managerial roles and three students from non-western countries were interviewed to explore the perceptions, barriers, and facilitators to merge motherhood and career progression successfully.
Results underline the strong impact of gender on the workplace or industry, with some sectors being more family-friendly than those massively populated by male workers. The general society and culture contributes with some contrasting views, seeing non-working mothers as lazy and working mothers as failing in looking after their children in a proper way as the female role would recall. All in all, the barriers that western and non-western working mothers face are similar, with a perceived positive trend in the perception of working mothers and mothers in leadership positions.
The article contributes to the literature on gender equality in the workplace, addressing the needs and concerns of mothers with entrepreneurial or managerial roles and aspirations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arrindell, W. A. (2003). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations: Geert Hofstede, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California, 2001. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(7), 861–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00184-5
Aspers, P., & Corte, U. (2019). What is Qualitative in Qualitative Research. Qualitative Sociology, 42(2), 139–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-019-9413-7
Bertrand, M. (2018). Coase Lecture—The Glass Ceiling. Economica, 85(338), 205–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12264
Bornstein, M. (2010). The handbook of cross-cultural developmental science. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Cho, Y., Park, J., Han, S. J., & Ho, Y. (2019). A woman CEO? You’d better think twice! Career Development International, 24(1), 91–108. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-03-2018-0078
Corinaldi, M. (2019). Motherhood in the Workplace: A Sociological Exploration into the Negative Performance Standards and Evaluations of Full-Time Working Mothers. Philologia, 11(1), 13–16. https://doi.org/10.21061/ph.172
Correll, S. J., Benard, S., & Paik, I. (2007). Getting a Job: Is There a Motherhood Penalty? American Journal of Sociology, 112(5), 1297–1338. https://doi.org/10.1086/511799
Dal Mas, F., Tucker, W., Massaro, M., & Bagnoli, C. (2022). Corporate social responsibility in the retail business: A case study. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 29(1), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2198
El-Far, M. T., Sabella, A. R., & Vershinina, N. A. (2021). “Stuck in the middle of what?”: the pursuit of academic careers by mothers and non-mothers in higher education institutions in occupied Palestine. Higher Education, 81(4), 685–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00568-5
Ellemers, N. (2014). Women at Work: How Organizational Features Impact Career Development. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(1), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732214549327
Eva, N., Lê, M.-L., & Sheriff, J. (2021). Less money, less children, and less prestige: Differences between male and female academic librarians. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 47(5), 102392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102392
Fels, A. (2004). Do Women Lack Ambition? Harvard Business Review, 82(4), 50–60. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2004/04/do-women-lack-ambition
Gatrell, C. (2011). Managing the Maternal Body: A Comprehensive Review and Transdisciplinary Analysis. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(1), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2010.00286.x
Habanabakize, T., & Muzindutsi, P. F. (2016). A cross-sector analysis of the interaction between aggregate expenditure and job creation in South Africa Masters. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Southern African Institute of Management Scientists, 673–685. Pretoria.
Hardoy, I., Schøne, P., & Østbakken, K. M. (2017). Children and the gender gap in management. Labour Economics, 47, 124–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2017.05.009
Hays, S. (1996). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Hoffman, R., Mullan, J., & Bonney, A. D. (2021, June). Motherhood and medicine: systematic review of the experiences of mothers who are doctors. The Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 214, pp. 533-533.e1. Australia. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51093
Hsin, A., & Felfe, C. (2014). When does time matter? maternal employment, children’s time with parents, and child development. Demography, 51(5), 1867–1894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0334-5
Ibarra, H., Ely, R., & Kolb, D. (2013). Women rising: the unseen barriers. Harvard Business Review, 91(9), 60–66.
Isaac, C. A. (2011). Women leaders: The social world of health care. Journal of Health, Organisation and Management, 25(2), 159–175. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777261111134400
Jacobson, W. S., Palus, C. K., & Bowling, C. J. (2009). A Woman’s Touch? Gendered Management and Performance in State Administration. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 20(2), 477–504. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mup017
Kalaitzi, S., Czabanowska, K., Fowler-Davis, S., & Brand, H. (2017). Women leadership barriers in healthcare, academia and business. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 36(5), 457–474. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-03-2017-0058
Koropeckyj-Cox, T., & Pendell, G. (2007). The Gender Gap in Attitudes about Childlessness in the United States. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(4), 899–915. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4622497
Langer, A., Meleis, A., Knaul, F. M., Atun, R., Aran, M., Arreola-Ornelas, H., … Frenk, J. (2015). Women and Health: the key for sustainable development. The Lancet, 386(9999), 1165–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60497-4
Magadley, W. (2021). Moonlighting in academia: a study of gender differences in work-family conflict among academics. Community, Work & Family, 24(3), 237–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2019.1678458
Massaro, M., Dumay, J., & Bagnoli, C. (2019). Transparency and the rhetorical use of citations to Robert Yin in case study research. Meditari Accountancy Research, 27(1), 44–71. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-08-2017-0202
Massaro, Maurizio, Dumay, J. C., & Guthrie, J. (2016). On the shoulders of giants: Undertaking a structured literature review in accounting. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 29(5), 767–901.
McQuaid, R. W., & Lindsay, C. (2005). The Concept of Employability. Urban Studies, 42(2), 197–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098042000316100
McQuillan, J., Greil, A. L., Scheffler, K. M., & Tichenor, V. (2008). The Importance of Motherhood among Women in the Contemporary United States. Gender & Society : Official Publication of Sociologists for Women in Society, 22(4), 477–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243208319359
Mills, M., Rindfuss, R. R., McDonald, P., & te Velde, E. (2011). Why do people postpone parenthood? Reasons and social policy incentives. Human Reproduction Update, 17(6), 848–860. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmr026
Minello, A. (2020). The pandemic and the female academic. Nature, (17 April 2020), 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01135-9
Ndweni, M. P., & Ozumba, A. O. U. (2021). The need investigate career progression of female professional employees in the South African construction industry. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 654(1), 12011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/654/1/012011
Paoloni, P., Dal Mas, F., Barcellini, A., & Orlandi, E. (2021a). Leadership femminile in sanità: possibili soluzioni e strumenti. Un caso di studio. MECOSAN, (120), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.3280/MESA2021-120006
Paoloni, P., Dal Mas, F., Massaro, M., Barcellini, A., & Orlandi, E. (2021b). An Organizational Model for Female Leadership in Healthcare. The National Centre of Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO Foundation) Experience During the Covid-19 Pandemic. In E. T. Pereira, C. Costa, & Z. Breda (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Gender Research ICGR 2021 (pp. 228–237). Aveiro: Academic Conferences & Publishing International Ltd. https://doi.org/10.34190/IGR.21.025
Rybińska, A., & Morgan, S. P. (2019). Childless Expectations and Childlessness Over the Life Course. Social Forces; a Scientific Medium of Social Study and Interpretation, 97(4), 1571–1602. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy098
Salem, R., Haibe, Y., Dagher, C., Salem, C., Shamseddine, A., Bitar, N., … Mukherji, D. (2019). Female oncologists in the Middle East and North Africa: progress towards gender equality. ESMO Open, 4(3), e000487. https://doi.org/10.1136/esmoopen-2019-000487
Sassler, S., Glass, J., Levitte, Y., & Michelmore, K. M. (2017). The missing women in STEM? Assessing gender differentials in the factors associated with transition to first jobs. Social Science Research, 63, 192–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.09.014
Suppes, A. (2020). Do Women Need to Have Children in Order to Be Fulfilled? A System Justification Account of the Motherhood Norm. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(7), 999–1010. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620909728
Tlaiss, H., & Kauser, S. (2011). The impact of gender, family, and work on the career advancement of Lebanese women managers. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 26(1), 8–36. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411111109291
Wootton, E., & Forrest, G. (2021, June). Motherhood and medicine: systematic review of the experiences of mothers who are doctors. The Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 214, pp. 532–532.e1. Australia. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51094
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rowe, C.N., Dal Mas, F., Biancuzzi, H., Rugara, D. (2023). Challenges Working Mothers Face. A Discussion Exploring the Obstacles of Balancing Motherhood and Career Progression. In: Paoloni, P., Lombardi, R. (eds) When the Crisis Becomes an Opportunity. SIDREA Series in Accounting and Business Administration. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21932-0_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21932-0_25
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-21931-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-21932-0
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)