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A Multidisciplinary Approach to Surgical Care: The Case of Disease Units. A Delphi Consensus on the Newly-Born Pancreas Units

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Towards the Future of Surgery

Abstract

The Italian Region of Lombardy formally established the creation of a network of Pancreas Units at the beginning of 2022 to increase the care of one of the worst cancers in the clinical scenario. Such new organisational structures see the employment of a large number of multidisciplinary professionals in a patient-centric approach. Several organisational challenges emerge, including the need to engage a wide number of stakeholders, employ adequate knowledge translation tools, and foster the role of non-technical skills to facilitate the dialogue among all the actors involved in the journey. To deepen such key themes, a Delphi panel was employed by surveying 24 multidisciplinary healthcare managers operating in the Lombardy and Pidemont regions. Results underline a busy agenda and some priorities for policymakers in defining the “rule of the game” for the establishment and day-to-day work and management of such Pancreas Units.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lorenzo Cobianchi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Ethics declarations

FD and LC conceived the idea of the study; PP, FD, SD, StCa and LC wrote the reserch protocol; FD, SD and LC took care of data collection; SD, EC, SaCu, MF, AF, MG, PI, SM, GM, IM, FM, DM, BN, GR, MR, KR, SR, MS, RS, AS, ET and IV participated in the Delphi panel; FD, SD and LC took care of data collection and wrote the first manuscript’s draft, PP, StCa, AV, SD, EC, SaCu, MF, AF, MG, PI, SM, GM, IM, FM, DM, BN, GR, MR, KR, SR, MS, RS, AS, ET and IV critically review the manuscript. All authors approved the latest version of the manuscript.

Appendix 1

Appendix 1

Delphi Protocol (English Version)

Section 0—Descriptive Statistics

  1. 1.

    What is your background?

    1. (a)

      Business/management.

    2. (b)

      Law.

    3. (c)

      Clinical.

    4. (d)

      Other.

  2. 2.

    What is your role?

    1. (a)

      General Director.

    2. (b)

      Scientific Director.

    3. (c)

      Medical Director.

    4. (d)

      Administrative Director.

    5. (e)

      Physician/GP.

    6. (f)

      Manager.

    7. (g)

      Other.

  3. 3.

    What is your gender?

    1. (a)

      Male.

    2. (b)

      Female.

    3. (c)

      Prefer not to answer.

  4. 4.

    What is your age group?

    1. (a)

      Under 40.

    2. (b)

      41 to 50

    3. (c)

      50 to 60

    4. (d)

      Over 60.

  5. 5.

    Do you agree to be an author in the scientific publication(s) reporting the Delphi results?

    1. (a)

      Yes.

Section 1—Organisational Factors (14 Items)

In a pancreas unit, how would you rate the importance of the following items from 1 to 9, where:

1 = not important at all

9 = very important

when it comes to the organisational factors in pancreatic cancer care

Importance

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

Organising frequent meetings among multidisciplinary clinical professionals

         

2

The presence of metrics/KPI assessing all steps of the patient journey

         

3

Having spaces fully dedicated to the pancreas unit

         

4

Defining team leaders for each clinical and organisational function

         

5

Using new technologies in managing collaboration and work relations within the unit’s staff

         

6

Using new technologies in managing the relations with the patients

         

7

Sharing knowledge, cases, … with other pancreas units

         

8

Disseminate knowledge by being present on the local press

         

9

Disseminate knowledge by being present on social media

         

10

Defining multidisciplinary clinical training paths for all the unit’s staff members

         

11

Defining multidisciplinary management/organisational training paths for all the unit’s staff members

         

12

Integrating data across clinical and administrative unit

         

13

Introducing “case managers”, in charge to follow the patient & the case over different clinic departments/expertise

         

14

Covering the all patient journey, in an “extended view”, starting from prevention (whenever possible) and early diagnosis

         

Section 2—Stakeholders (18 Items)

In a pancreas unit, how would you rate the importance of the following items from 1 to 9, where:

1 = not important at all

9 = very important

when it comes to stakeholders’ engagement in pancreatic cancer care

Importance

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

Involving traditional clinical professionals (e.g. surgeons, oncologists, radiation therapists, palliative care specialists, …)

         

2

Involving non-traditional clinical professionals (physiotherapists, psychologists, …)

         

3

Involving clinicians from partner institutions according to a hub/spokes model

         

4

Involving the patient

         

5

Involving the patient’s family

         

6

Involving the patients’ associations

         

7

Involving other NGOs or no-profit entities

         

8

Involving other public sector entities

         

9

Involving ethical committees

         

10

Involving clinicians from international institutions

         

11

Involving scientific societies

         

12

Involving other pancreas units

         

13

Involving pure research institutions and universities

         

14

Involving private firms/companies active in the pharma sector

         

15

Involving private firms/companies active in the biotech sector

         

16

Involving private firms/companies active in the surgical technology sector

         

17

Involving private firms/companies active in the media sector

         

18

Involving colleagues characterised by diverse features

         

Section 3—Non-technical Skills (1 + 16 Items)

In a pancreas unit, how would you rate the importance of non-technical or soft skills from 1 to 9, where:

1 = not important at all

9 = very important

when it comes to pancreatic cancer care

Importance

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

Non-technical or soft skills in general terms

         

In a pancreas unit, how would you rate the importance of the following items from 1 to 9, where:

1 = not important at all

9 = very important

when it comes to non-technical skills in pancreatic cancer care

Importance

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

Decision-making

         

2

Coping with fatigue

         

3

Communication

         

4

Leadership

         

5

Situational awareness

         

6

Managing stress

         

7

Team working

         

8

Ideas creation ability

         

9

Coordination ability

         

10

Multicultural ability

         

11

Planning ability

         

12

Learning ability

         

13

Professionalism

         

14

Information management ability

         

15

Agility

         

16

Ethics

         

Section 4—Processes and Knowledge Translation Facilitators (32 Items)

In a pancreas unit, how would you rate the importance of the following items from 1 to 9, where:

1 = not important at all

9 = very important

when it comes to facilitators in pancreatic cancer care

Importance

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

The pathogenesis and mechanisms behind diseases

         

2

Mobile electronic medical records and online tools

         

3

Design

         

4

Web portals

         

5

Image tagging

         

6

Lesson learned and best practices

         

7

Tours to share experiences with others

         

8

Committees and meetings

         

9

Journal publications

         

10

In-person visit and talking

         

11

Establishment of mixed teams

         

12

Co-production

         

13

Leaflets and brochures

         

14

Training

         

15

Clinical cases

         

16

Clinical guidelines

         

17

Use of interpersonal skills

         

18

Discussions, debates, curiosity

         

19

New technological tools

         

20

Mentoring and leadership

         

21

Testimonials

         

22

Engaging with the patient’s family

         

23

Empowerment

         

24

Tensions

         

25

Community of practice

         

26

Multidisciplinary people (Eg. Degree in medicine + IT)

         

27

Use of evidence-based methods

         

28

Quality assessment by stakeholders

         

29

Prototyping

         

30

Simulations

         

31

Self-assessment

         

32

Use of a simple language

         

Delphi protocol (Italian version)

Sezione 0—Statistiche Descrittive

  1. 1.

    Qual è il Suo background formativo?

    1. (a)

      Economia/Amministrazione.

    2. (b)

      Diritto/Giurisprudenza.

    3. (c)

      Medicina.

    4. (d)

      Altro.

  2. 2.

    Qual è il Suo attuale ruolo lavorativo?

    1. (a)

      Direttore Generale.

    2. (b)

      Direttore Scientifico.

    3. (c)

      Direttore Sanitario.

    4. (d)

      Direttore Amministrativo.

    5. (e)

      Medico/Medico di base.

    6. (f)

      Funzionario.

    7. (g)

      Altro.

  3. 3.

    Qual è il suo genere?

    1. (a)

      Uomo.

    2. (b)

      Donna.

    3. (c)

      Preferisco non rispondere.

  4. 4.

    Qual è la sua fascia di età?

    1. (a)

      Under 40.

    2. (b)

      Da 41 a 50.

    3. (c)

      Da 50 a 60.

    4. (d)

      Over 60.

  5. 5.

    Presta il proprio consenso ad essere autore delle pubblicazioni che riporteranno i risultati del Delphi?

    1. (a)

      Si.

Sezione 1—Fattori Organizzativi (14 Elementi)

In una pancreas unit, come valuterebbe l’importanza dei seguenti elementi da 1 a 9, dove:

1 = per niente importante

9 = molto importante

quando si tratta di fattori organizzativi nella cura del cancro del pancreas?

Importanza

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

Organizzare riunioni frequenti tra professionisti clinici di ambito multidisciplinare

         

2

La presenza di metriche che valutino tutte le fasi del percorso del paziente

         

3

La disponibilità spazi completamente ed. esclusivamente dedicati alle attività della pancreas unit

         

4

La definizione Dei team leader per ogni funzione clinica e organizzativa

         

5

L’utilizzo delle nuove tecnologie nella gestione della collaborazione e Dei rapporti di lavoro all’interno del personale della pancreas unit

         

6

L’utilizzo delle nuove tecnologie nella gestione delle relazioni con i pazienti

         

7

La condivisione di conoscenza, casi, dati … con le altre pancreas unit

         

8

La diffusione della conoscenza attraverso la presenza sulla stampa locale

         

9

La diffusione della conoscenza attraverso la presenza sui social media

         

10

La definizione di percorsi di formazione clinica multidisciplinare per tutto il personale Dei reparti coinvolti nella pancreas unit

         

11

La definizione di percorsi multidisciplinari di formazione manageriale/organizzativa per tutto il personale della pancreas unit

         

12

L’integrazione Dei dati tra l’unità clinica e quella amministrativa

         

13

La presenza di “case manager”, incaricati di seguire il paziente in diversi reparti/competenze cliniche

         

14

Coprire l’intero percorso clinico del paziente, in una visione estesa, a partire dalla prevenzione (quando possibile) e dalla diagnosi precoce

         

Sezione 2—Portatori Di Interesse (18 Elementi)

In una pancreas unit, come valuterebbe l’importanza dei seguenti elementi da 1 a 9, dove:

1 = per niente importante

9 = molto importante

quando si tratta del coinvolgimento dei vari portatori di interesse nella cura del cancro del pancreas?

Importanza

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

Coinvolgere professionisti clinici “tradizionali” (es. Chirurghi, oncologi, radioterapisti, specialisti in cure palliative, …)

         

2

Coinvolgere professionisti clinici “non tradizionali” (fisioterapisti, psicologi, …)

         

3

Coinvolgere i medici afferenti alle istituzioni partner secondo un modello hub/spokes

         

4

Coinvolgere il paziente

         

5

Coinvolgere i familiari del paziente

         

6

Coinvolgere le associazioni Dei pazienti

         

7

Coinvolgere altre associazioni o enti no-profit

         

8

Coinvolgere altri enti afferenti al settore pubblico/pubblica amministrazione

         

9

Coinvolgere i comitati etici

         

10

Coinvolgere medici e professionisti di istituti internazionali d’eccellenza

         

11

Coinvolgere le società scientifiche

         

12

Coinvolgere le altre pancreas unit

         

13

Coinvolgere gli istituti di ricerca di base e le università

         

14

Coinvolgere aziende/società private attive nel settore farmaceutico

         

15

Coinvolgere imprese/società private attive nel settore biotech

         

16

Coinvolgere imprese/società private attive nel settore delle apparecchiature chirurgiche

         

17

Coinvolgere imprese/società private attive nel settore Dei media e comunicazione

         

18

Coinvolgere professionisti caratterizzati da “diversity” (es. Diverse nazionalità, culture, competenze, background formativo, età, religione, orientamento sessuale, …)

         

Sezione 3—Competenze Trasversali (1 + 16 Elementi)

In una pancreas unit, come valuterebbe l’importanza delle c.d. competenze trasversali o “soft skills” da 1 a 9, dove:

1 = per niente importante

9 = molto importante

nella cura del cancro del pancreas?

Importanza

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

Competenze trasversali o “soft skills” in termini generali

         

In una pancreas unit, come valuterebbe l’importanza dei seguenti elementi da 1 a 9, dove:

1 = per niente importante

9 = molto importante

quando si tratta della presenza di competenze trasversali nella cura del cancro del pancreas?

Importanza

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

Capacità di gestire in modo efficace il processo decisionale clinico

         

2

Affrontare la fatica e la stanchezza

         

3

Capacità di comunicare in maniera efficace

         

4

Doti di leadership

         

5

Capacità di prendere consapevolezza della situazione

         

6

Gestire lo stress

         

7

Lavorare in gruppo

         

8

Capacità di avere nuove idee

         

9

Capacità di coordinamento

         

10

Abilità nella gestione della multiculturalità

         

11

Capacità di pianificazione

         

12

Capacità di apprendimento

         

13

Professionalità nella gestione

         

14

Capacità di gestione dati e informazioni

         

15

Agilità

         

16

Etica

         

Sezione 4—Processi E Strumenti Di Traduzione Della Conoscenza (32 Elementi)

In una pancreas unit, come valuterebbe l’importanza dei seguenti elementi da 1 a 9, dove:

1 = per niente importante

9 = molto importante

quando si tratta della presenza di fattori che possano facilitare la cura del cancro del pancreas?

Importanza

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

La comprensione delle caratteristiche cliniche della patologia

         

2

Cartelle mediche elettroniche e altri strumenti online

         

3

Disegni, vignette, fotografie e altri elementi grafici

         

4

Portali web

         

5

Imaging

         

6

Casi e best practices

         

7

Visite presso altri istituti

         

8

Istituzione di comitati tecnici

         

9

Pubblicazioni scientifiche

         

10

Incontri in presenza

         

11

Definizione di team e gruppi di lavoro multidisciplinari

         

12

Coproduzione nel rapporto medico/paziente

         

13

Opuscoli e altro materiale informativo

         

14

Corsi di formazione

         

15

Presentazione e discussion di casi clinici

         

16

Linee guida cliniche

         

17

Uso delle competenze trasversali

         

18

Discussioni, dibattiti, curiosità

         

19

Nuovi strumenti tecnologici

         

20

Tutoraggio e leadership

         

21

Testimonianze da parte di altri studiosi

         

22

Coinvolgimento delle famiglie Dei pazienti

         

23

Condivisione delle responsabilità (empowerment)

         

24

Gestione Dei paradossi

         

25

Communities of practices di supporto

         

26

Presenza di personale con attitudini multidisciplinari (es. Laurea in medicina + informatica)

         

27

Uso di metodi basati sull’evidenza (evidence-based)

         

28

Procedure di monitoraggio della qualità del servizio

         

29

Prototipazione

         

30

Simulazioni

         

31

Autovalutazione (self-assessment)

         

32

Uso di un linguaggio semplice/non tecnico

         

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Dal Mas, F. et al. (2023). A Multidisciplinary Approach to Surgical Care: The Case of Disease Units. A Delphi Consensus on the Newly-Born Pancreas Units. In: Martellucci, J., Dal Mas, F. (eds) Towards the Future of Surgery. New Paradigms in Healthcare. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47623-5_13

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