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Male but not female Kentish plovers Charadrius alexandrinus modulate foraging behaviour according to tide during incubation

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Abstract

During breeding, birds have to find a balance between reproductive tasks and the need to recover their energy. Foraging movements are constrained in time and space by brood guarding and chick-rearing activities at the nesting site. Foraging behaviour differs among species according to their ecology but it can change, even markedly, among individuals of the same species according to intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as sex, habitat, intra and inter-specific interactions. By means of individual GPS tracking, we assessed foraging behaviour of egg-incubating Kentish plovers breeding along a sandy beach bordering the Venice Lagoon. Both sexes foraged on the beach were they bred, but also in the lagoon, travelling up to 16 km far from the nest. In both habitats, individuals foraged in areas that were significantly separated from those used by other tagged conspecifics, likely lowering intra-specific competition. Males foraged mainly at daytime, in the lagoon at low tide and on the beach at high tide. Differently, females foraged mainly at night and in the lagoon, and less often on the beach exclusively during daytime, regardless of tide height. The avoidance of nocturnal foraging on the beach by females might be explained as antipredatory response to the presence of owls breeding in a pinewood adjacent the beach or to a possible diet specialization on prey that are available in the lagoon at night, irrespective to tide conditions. Overall, this study revealed an unexpected sexual difference in foraging behaviour of Kentish plover, with sexes likely facing different environmental pressures according to diurnal and nocturnal foraging.

Zusammenfassung

Männliche, aber nicht weibliche Seeregenpfeifer ( Charadrius alexandrinus ) steuern während der Brutzeit ihre Nahrungssuche in Abhängigkeit von den Gezeiten

Während des Brütens müssen Vögel ein ausgewogenes Verhältnis zwischen der Brutpflege und der Notwendigkeit, wieder Energie aufzutanken, finden. Die Futtersuche wird in der Tat durch die Brutpflege und die Aufzucht der Küken im und am Nest zeitlich und räumlich eingeschränkt. Das Verhalten bei der Futtersuche hängt von den jeweiligen Umgebungsbedingungen ab und unterscheidet sich zwischen den einzelnen Arten, kann aber auch zwischen Einzeltieren derselben Art unterschiedlich sein, sogar sehr, je nach inneren und äußeren Faktoren wie Geschlecht, Lebensraum und inter- und intraspezifischen Interaktionen. Anhand von GPS-Ortung haben wir das Futtersuchverhalten von an einem Sandstrand am Rande der Lagune von Venedig brütenden Seeregenpfeifern nach der Eiablage untersucht. Beide Geschlechter suchten an dem Strand, an dem sie brüteten, nach Nahrung, aber auch in der Lagune, in der sie sich bis zu 16 km von ihrem Nest entfernten. In beiden Lebensräumen gab es einzelne Tiere, die in Arealen nach Nahrung suchten, die deutlich von denen getrennt waren, in denen andere markierte Artgenossen unterwegs waren; vermutlich verringerten sie so die innerartliche Konkurrenz. Die Männchen suchten vorwiegend tagsüber nach Nahrung, bei Ebbe in der Lagune und bei Flut am Strand. Im Gegensatz dazu waren die Weibchen vorwiegend bei Nacht in der Lagune unterwegs, am Strand hingegen weniger oft und ausschließlich tagsüber, unabhängig von der Höhe der Flut. Das Vermeiden der nächtlichen Nahrungssuche der Weibchen am Strand könnte als Räubervermeidungs-Strategie in Hinblick auf Eulen erklärt werden, die in einem angrenzenden Kieferwald brüteten oder auch als Nahrungs-Spezialisierung auf Beutetiere, die nachts unabhängig von den Gezeiten in der Lagune verfügbar sind. Insgesamt zeigte die Untersuchung einen unerwarteten Geschlechtsunterschied im Futtersuchverhalten von Seeregenpfeifern, wobei Männchen und Weibchen vermutlich je nach Tages- und Nachtsuche unterschiedlichen Umgebungsanforderungen ausgesetzt waren.

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Data availability

Data used for the analyses are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Federico De Pascalis for his useful comments on the first draft and Associazione Peluche for the support during fieldwork. The activity was funded by Assocamping di Cavallino-Treporti, Camping Marina di Venezia, Camping Union Lido, Camping Ca’ Savio, Comune di Cavallino-Treporti and by the agreement between ISPRA and the Italian Ministry for the Ecological Transition (MiTE), formerly called Ministry for Environment, Land and Sea Protection (MATTM); Decreto Min. Prot. 34751-30/12/2019.

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Contributions

JGC, SI and LS: conceptualized the study. MP, MB, LP, FB, LS and JGC collected the data. SI and JGC analysed data. JGC: wrote the first draft with inputs by SI, MP and LS. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Simona Imperio.

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Communicated by F. Bairlein.

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Cecere, J.G., Picone, M., Basso, M. et al. Male but not female Kentish plovers Charadrius alexandrinus modulate foraging behaviour according to tide during incubation. J Ornithol 164, 815–823 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-023-02067-7

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