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The governmentality of corporate (un)sustainability: the case of the ILVA steel plant in Taranto (Italy)

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Abstract

The present research aims to investigate the role of states in governing the sustainability trajectories and decisions of companies and their local communities. Drawing on Dean’s (Governmentality: power and rule in modern society, SAGE, London, 2009) “analytics of government” as the theoretical framework, the paper focuses on detecting how the Italian Government “problematised” the sustainability-related risks associated with the ILVA steel plant in Taranto, whose levels of pollution have worried both the Italian authorities and the European Union Commission. The analysis also considers the “regimes of governance” under which the risks have been addressed and then explains the “utopian ideal” that the Italian Government tried to achieve by allowing the company to continue its activity, contrary to the Italian Judiciary’s provision to halt the hot working area of the steel plant in July 2012. Patterns related to Dean’s framework were identified through an iterative process of manual elaborative coding of the official documents ascribable to the main actors involved in governing the sustainability-related risks at ILVA. The findings show that the Italian Government took its decisions on ILVA in the name of relevant risks of unemployment, economic development and territorial competitiveness. The Italian Government adopted several practices of governance to make these risks more “visible” and to silence the environmental and health risks that, otherwise, would have emphasised the unsustainability of the business activities. The paper extends the growing body of research that investigates corporate (un)sustainability practices by showing how states may directly influence sustainability-related corporate risks in the name of a higher public interest.

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Fig. 1

Planted fields and pastures refer to areas contaminated by high dioxin levels, which in turn required thousands of cows and sheep to be slaughtered. Tamburi and Borgo are the districts of Taranto nearest to the steel plant in which PM10 pollution level was 34.9 µg/m3 (average value 2004–2010) out of a limit of 20 µg/m3. In these districts 91 human deaths were estimated as attributable to the exceeding pollution limits, while other 83 human deaths were estimated on the other districts of Taranto (Epidemiological appraisal, 2012—source A.5.b)

Fig. 2

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Notes

  1. The ILVA steel plant sustainability issues have continued after 2012 and are still on-going at the time of writing this article. The subsequent events reiterated the contrast between the different sustainability dimensions involved and the contrast between the Italian Judiciary and the Italian Government. However, these events are out of the present research scope, which is specified in the methodological section (Sect. 4).

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the editor in chief, the guest editors and the reviewers for their insightful comments and the support provided during the review process. In its earlier version, the article benefitted from the feedback provided by the attendees at European Accounting Association (EAA) Conference in Valencia, Spain (10–12 May 2017), European Network for Research in Organisational & Accounting Change (ENROAC) Conference in Naples, Italy (29–30 June 2017), Critical Perspectives on Accounting (CPA) Conference in Québec City, Canada (2–5 July 2017), and Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA) Conference in Rome, Italy (14–15 September 2017, Rome). While the paper is the result of a joint effort of the authors, Alessandro Lai wrote Sections 6 and 7, Silvia Panfilo wrote Sections 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 and the Appendix, and Riccardo Stacchezzini wrote Sections 1, 2, 3 and 4.

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Appendix

Appendix

The appendix reports the list of all the sources used to investigate the case study. Where not differently stated, the sources are sorted according to their nature, and then listed chronologically.

1.1 A. Documents by European Union and Italian Government, Parliament, Ministers, Apulia Region, and Judiciary

  1. 1.

    European Union

    1. a.

      EU Dir. 2010/75 (24th November 2010) “relativa alle emissioni industriali (prevenzione e riduzione integrale dell’inquinamento)” [EU Directive on “Industrial emissions (prevention and integrated reduction of pollution)—our translation]

    2. b.

      European Parliament (13th October 2015). The ILVA Industrial Site in Taranto, report produced by the Directorate-General for Internal Policies – Policy Department Economic and Scientific Policy”.

    3. c.

      Commissione Europea – Comunicato stampa (20th January 2016). “Aiuti di Stato: al via un’indagine approfondita della Commissione sul sostegno italiano alle acciaierie ILVA di Taranto.” [European Commission – Press release. “State aid: An in-depth Commission investigation begins about the Italian support for the ILVA steel plant in Taranto”—our translation]

    4. d.

      European Commission (21st December 2017) – Press release. “State aid: Commission concludes in-depth investigation on support to Italy’s largest steelmaker ILVA S.p.A. in A.S. and orders recovery on two measures that involved illegal State aid”.

  2. 2.

    Italian Government

    1. a.

      Decreto-legge (26th October 2012). “Riesame dell’autorizzazione integrata ambientale n. DVA/DEC/2011/450 del 4/8/2011 rilasciata per l’esercizio dello stabilimento siderurgico della società ILVA S.p.A. ubicato nel comune di Taranto.” [Decree-Law. “Review of the integrated Environmental Authorization n. DVA/DEC/2011/450 of 4/8/2011 issued for the activity of the iron and steel plant of the company ILVA S.p.A. located in Taranto.”—our translation]

    2. b.

      Decreto-legge (3rd December 2012, n. 207, converted by Law on the 24th December 2012, n. 231) – “Disposizioni urgenti a tutela della salute, dell’ambiente e dei livelli di occupazione, in caso di crisi di stabilimenti industriali di Interesse Strategico Nazionale.” [Decree-law. “Urgent provisions to protect health, the environment and employment levels, in the event of crisis of industrial National Strategic Interest sites.”—our translation]

    3. c.

      Decreto-legge (4th June 2013, n. 61). “Nuove disposizioni urgenti a tutela dell’ambiente, della salute e del lavoro nell’esercizio di imprese di interesse strategico nazionale.” [Decree-Law. “New urgent provisions to protect the environment, health and work in the activity of companies of National Strategic Interest.”—our translation]

    4. d.

      Decreto-legge (10th December 2013, n. 136). “Disposizioni urgenti dirette a fronteggiare emergenze ambientali e industriali ed a favorire lo sviluppo delle aree interessate.” [Decree-Law. “Urgent provisions aimed at coping with environmental and industrial emergencies and favouring the development of the concerned areas.”—our translation]

    5. e.

      Decreto del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri (14th March 2014). “Approvazione del piano delle misure e delle attività di tutela ambientale e sanitaria, a norma dell’articolo 1, commi 5 e 7, del decreto-legge 4 giugno 2013, n. 61, convertito, con modificazioni, dalla legge 3 agosto 2013, n. 89. (14A03637).” [Premier decree. Approval of the measures and activities plan for environmental protection and health, in accordance with Article 1, paragraphs 5 and 7, of the Decree-law of 4 June 2013, n. 61, converted, with amendments, by law 3 August 2013, n. 89. (14A03637).”—our translation]

    6. f.

      Decreto-legge (5th January 2015, n. 1). “Disposizioni urgenti per l’esercizio di imprese di interesse strategico nazionale in crisi e per lo sviluppo della città e dell’area di Taranto.” [Decree-law. “Urgent provisions for the activity of National Strategic Interest companies in crisis and for the development of the city and the area of Taranto.”—our translation]

    7. g.

      Decreto-legge (4th July 2015, n. 92). “Misure urgenti in materia di rifiuti e di autorizzazione integrata ambientale, nonché per l’esercizio dell’attività d’impresa di stabilimenti industriali di interesse strategico nazionale.” [Decree-Law. “Urgent measures regarding waste and integrated environmental authorization, as well as for the activities of industrial plants of National Strategic Interest.”—our translation]

    8. h.

      Decreto-legge (4th December 2015, n. 191). “Disposizioni urgenti per la cessione a terzi dei complessi aziendali del Gruppo ILVA.” [Decree-law. “Urgent provisions for the sale of the ILVA Group’s business complex to third parties.”—our translation]

  3. 3.

    Environmental Minister of the Italian Government

    1. a.

      Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare, Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei Trasporti, Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico, Ministero per la Coesione Territoriale, Regione Puglia, Provincia di Taranto, Comune di Taranto, Commissario straordinario del Porto di Taranto (26th July 2012). “Protocollo di intesa per interventi urgenti di bonifica, ambientalizzazione e riqualificazione di Taranto.” [Environment Minister, Infrastructure and Transportation Minister, Economic development Minister, Territory Cohesion Minister, Apulia Region, Taranto’s province, Taranto municipality, Extraordinary commissioner for Taranto’s harbor. “Protocol agreement for urgent intervention of reclamation, environmentalization and retraining”—our translation]

    2. b.

      Ministero Dell’ambiente e Della Tutela Del Territorio e Del Mare (27th October 2012). Riesame dell’autorizzazione integrata ambientale n. DVA/DEC/2011/450 del 4 agosto 2011 rilasciata per l’esercizio dello stabilimento siderurgico ILVA S.p.A. ubicato nei comuni di Taranto e di Statte. [Environmental Minister. “Review of the Integrated Environmental Authorization released for the continuity of the ILVA S.p.A. steel plant established in Taranto and Statte municipalities.”—our translation]

  4. 4.

    Italian Parliament and Parliament commissions

    1. a.

      Camera dei Deputati (1st August 2012). “Resoconto stenografico dell’Assemblea Seduta n. 675 di mercoledì 1 agosto 2012” [House of Representatives. “Stenographic report of the Assembly n. 675 of Wednesday 1 August 2012.”—our translation].

    2. b.

      Senato della Repubblica (1st August 2012). “Resoconto stenografico dell’Assemblea Seduta n. 782 (antimeridiana) di mercoledì 1 agosto 2012” [Senate. “Stenographic report of the Assembly n. 782 (pre-noon) of Wednesday, August 1, 2012”—our translation].

    3. c.

      Senato della Repubblica (5th September 2012). 788a seduta pubblica. “Resoconto stenografico dell’Assemblea Seduta n. 788 di mercoledì 5 settembre 2012”. [Senate. “Shorthand report of the Assembly n. 788a of Wednesday, September 5, 2012”—our translation]

    4. d.

      Commissione bicamerale ciclo rifiuti (6th August 2012). “Audizione Presidente dell’ILVA S.p.A., Bruno Ferrante.” [Bicameral commission on waste cycle activities. “ILVA’s president audition, Bruno Ferrante”—our translation]

    5. e.

      Commissione parlamentare di inchiesta sulle attività illecite connesse al ciclo rifiuti: Comba et al. (12th October 2012). Ambiente e salute a Taranto: evidenze disponibili e indicazioni di sanità pubblica (Studio SENTIERI). [Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry into illegal activities related to the waste cycle: Comba et al. Environment and health in Taranto: available evidence and indications of public health (Studio SENTIERI).”—our translation]

    6. f.

      Commissione bicamerale ciclo rifiuti (18th September 2012). “Audizione del procuratore della Repubblica presso il Tribunale di Taranto, Franco Sebastio.” [Bicameral commission on waste cycle activities. “Public prosecutor’s audition, Franco Sebastio”—our translation]

    7. g.

      Commissione Parlamentare di inchiesta sulle attività illecite connesse al ciclo rifiuti (17th October 2012). “Relazione territoriale sulle attività illecite connesse al ciclo dei rifiuti nella Regione Puglia.” [Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry into illegal activities related to the waste cycle. “Territorial relation on the illegal activities related to the waste cycle in the Apulia Region”—our translation]

    8. h.

      Commissione Parlamentare di inchiesta sulle attività illecite connesse al ciclo rifiuti (2012). “Relazione territoriale sulle attività illecite connesso al ciclo rifiuti della Regione Puglia. Doc. XXIII 10.” [Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry into illegal activities related to the waste cycle. “Territorial relation on the illegal activities related to the waste cycle in the Apulia Region. Doc. XXIII 10”—our translation]

    9. i.

      Commissione Parlamentare di inchiesta sulle attività illecite connesse al ciclo rifiuti (2012). “Relazione territoriale sulle attività illecite connesso al ciclo rifiuti della Regione Puglia. Doc. XXIII n.12.” [Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry into illegal activities related to the waste cycle. “Territorial relation on the illegal activities related to the waste cycle in the Apulia Region. Doc. XXIII n.12”—our translation]

    10. j.

      Commissione lavoro, previdenza sociale Senato della Repubblica (13th November 2012). “Audizione del Presidente dell’ILVA S.p.A. Dr. Bruno Ferrante.” [Commission on jobs, welfare of the Senate. “ILVA’s president audition, Bruno Ferrante”—our translation]

    11. k.

      Senato della Repubblica (2012). “Intervento Vendola al Senato: cronologia attività stabilimento ILVA.” [Republic Senate. “Vendola’s intervention: ILVA plant activities’ chronology”—our translation]

  5. 5.

    Italian Judiciary

    1. a.

      Giudice indagini preliminari (2012). “Conclusioni perizia chimica.” [Preliminary inquiry judge. “Chemical appraisal results”—our translation]

    2. b.

      Giudice indagini preliminari (2012). “Conclusioni perizia epidemiologica.” [Preliminary inquiry Judge. “Epidemiological appraisal results”—our translation]

    3. c.

      Giudice indagini preliminari (26th July 2012). “Ordinanza di fermo della società ILVA S.p.A.” [Preliminary inquiry judge. “Closing measure of ILVA S.p.A.”—our translation]

    4. d.

      Giudice indagine preliminari (11th August 2012). “Ordinanza di fermo di ILVA S.p.A e sequestro produzione.” [Preliminary inquiry judge.” Closing and production seizure measure of ILVA S.p.A.”—our translation]

    5. e.

      Giudice indagine preliminari (26th November 2012). “Ordinanza sequestro produzione di ILVA S.p.A.” [Preliminary inquiry judge.” Production seizure measure of ILVA S.p.A.”—our translation]

  6. 6.

    Apulia Region

    1. a.

      Apulia Region (2008). Legge regionale n. 44/2008: Norme a tutela della salute, dell’ambiente e del territorio: limiti alle emissioni in atmosfera di policlorodibenzodiossina e policlorodibenzofurani. [Apulia Region. Regional law n.44/2008: Rules for the protection of health, the environment and the territory: limits to atmospheric emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofurans – our translation]

1.2 B. Documents by national and local institutional experts

  1. 1.

    Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA)

    1. a.

      ARPA (2009). “Relazione sui dati ambientali dell’area di Taranto.” [ARPA. “Report on environmental data in the Taranto area.”—our translation]

    2. b.

      ARPA (2010). “Benzo(a)pirene aerodisperso presso la stazione di monitoraggio della qualità dell’aria di Via Macchiavelli a Taranto – attribuzione alle sorgenti emissive – relazione tecnica preliminare.” [ARPA. “Benzo(a)pyrene airborne at the Via Macchiavelli air quality monitoring station in Taranto – attribution to the emission sources – preliminary technical report.”—our translation]

    3. c.

      ARPA (2011). “Rapporto Ambiente e Sicurezza 2011 – ILVA Taranto.” [ARPA. “Environment and Safety report 2011 – ILVA Taranto”—our translation]

    4. d.

      ARPA (2012). “Emissioni di diossine dal camino E 312: Il risultato della campagna di monitoraggio 2011.” [ARPA. “Dioxins emission from the E 312 chimney: The result of the 2011 monitoring campaign”—our translation]

    5. e.

      ARPA (2012). “Relazione tecnica: Analisi delle tendenze di inquinanti nel quartiere Tamburi di Taranto per il 2012.” [ARPA. “Technical report: Analysis of pollutant trends in Taranto’s Tamburi district in 2012.”—our translation]

    6. f.

      ARPA (2012). “Cronologia emissioni da impianti agglomerazione ILVA 1994–2011.” [ARPA. “Emissions’ history from ILVA agglomeration plants 1994–2011”—our translation]

    7. g.

      ARPA (2012). “Relazione tecnica a seguito di sopralluogo del 2/08/2011 nello stabilimento siderurgico ILVA di Taranto effettuato a seguito di nota del NOE di Lecce prot. N.41/2010 del 2/07/2011 trasmesso da Regione Puglia con nota prot. N. AOO_169_0000412.” [ARPA. “Technical report following inspection of 2/08/2011 in the ILVA iron and steel plant carried out following a note by the NOE of Lecce prot. N.41/2010 of 02/07/2011 transmitted by Apulia Region with note prot. N. AOO_169_0000412.”—our translation]

    8. h.

      ARPA et al. (2012). “Valutazione del Danno Sanitario Stabilimento ILVA di Taranto ai sensi della LR 21/2012 - Scenari emissivi pre‐AIA (anno 2010) e post‐AIA (anno 2016).” [ARPA et al. “Health Damage Assessment by ILVA steel plant of Taranto pursuant to Regional Law 21/2012 - Pre-AIA (2010) and post-AIA (2016) emission scenarios.”—our translation]

  2. 2.

    Institute for the environmental protection and research (ISPRA)

    1. a.

      ISPRA-IPPC commissione investigativa (2011). “Autorizzazione Integrata Ambientale per l’esercizio dello stabilimento siderurgico ILVA S.p.A: ubicato nel comune di Taranto.” [ISPRA-IPPC Inquiry commission. “Integrated Environmental Authorization for the activities of the ILVA steel plant: established in the Taranto municipality”—our translation]

    2. b.

      ISPRA. “AUTORIZZAZIONE INTEGRATA AMBIENTALE DECRETO DVA-DEC-2011-0000450 del 04/08/2011 (G.U. n. 195 del 23/08/2011) integrato dal DECRETO DVA-DEC-2012-0000547 del 26/10/2012 (G.U. n. 252 del 27/10/2012) STABILIMENTO SIDERURGICO ILVA S.p.A. sito nel Comune di TARANTO e STATTE (TA). Tabella Riassuntiva Trimestrale Stato Di Attuazione Prescrizioni Ad Esito Verifica Ispra.” [“Integrated Environmental Authorization supplemented by the decree DVA-DEC-2012-0000547 of the 26th October 2012. Quarterly summary table about the prescriptions fulfillment after ISPRA check results”—our translation]

  3. 3.

    Local Health Entity (ASL)

    1. a.

      ASL Taranto (edizione 2012). Registro tumori. [ASL Taranto. “2012 Apulia cancer book”—our translation]

    2. b.

      ASL Taranto (edizione 2013). Registro tumori. [ASL Taranto. “2013 Apulia cancer book”—our translation]

    3. c.

      ASL Taranto (edizione 2014). Registro tumori. [ASL Taranto. “2014 Apulia cancer book”—our translation]

    4. d.

      ASL Taranto (edizione 2015). Registro tumori. [ASL Taranto. “2015 Apulia cancer book”—our translation]

    5. e.

      ASL Taranto (edizione 2016). Registro tumori. [ASL Taranto. “2016 Apulia cancer book”—our translation]

1.3 C. Documents by independent environmental scientific experts and steel industry confederations (alphabetical order)

  1. 1.

    Scientific experts

    1. a.

      Amodio, M., Andriani, E., Dambruoso, P. R., de Gennaro, G., Di Gilio, A., Intini, M., et al. (2013). A monitoring strategy to assess the fugitive emission from a steel plant. Atmospheric environment, 79, 455–461.

    2. b.

      Chiari, M., Del Carmine, P., Orellana, I. G., Lucarelli, F., Nava, S., & Paperetti, L. (2006). Hourly elemental composition and source identification of fine and coarse PM10 in an Italian urban area stressed by many industrial activities. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 249(1–2), 584–587.

    3. c.

      Diletti, G., Ceci, R., Scortichini, G. & Migliorati, G. (2009). Dioxin levels in livestock and grassland near a large industrial area in Taranto (Italy). Organohalogen Compd, 38, 2359–2363.

    4. d.

      Esposito, V., Maffei, A., Castellano, G., Martinelli, W., Conversano, M. & Assennato G (2010). Dioxin levels in soil and groundwater samples in the surroundings of a large industrial area in Taranto (Italy). Organohalogen Compd, 72, 736–739.

    5. e.

      Esposito, V., Maffei, A., Ficocelli, S., Spartera, M., Giua, R. & Assennato, G. (2012). Dioxins from industrial emission to the environment. The Taranto case study. Ital J Occup Environ Hyg, 3(1), 42–48.

    6. f.

      Esposito, V., Maffei, A., Bruno, D., Varvaglione, B., Ficocelli, S., Capoccia, C., et al. (2014). POP emissions from a large sinter plant in Taranto (Italy) over a five-year period following enforcement of new legislation. Science of the Total Environment, 491, 118–122.

    7. g.

      Francois F., Bernaert P. & Baert R. (2000). Reduction of PCDD/PCDF emission in the Flemish Region (Belgium). Organohalogen Compd, 45, 352–355.

    8. h.

      Francois F., Bernaert, P. & Baert, R. (2001). Reduction of the dioxin emissions from iron sintering plants in the Flemish region (Belgium)—enforcement approach of the Environment Inspection Section. Organohalogen Compd, 54, 115–118.

    9. i.

      Mangia, C., Gianicolo, E. A., Bruni, A., Vigotti, M. A., & Cervino, M. (2013). Spatial variability of air pollutants in the city of Taranto, Italy and its potential impact on exposure assessment. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 185(2), 1719–1735.

    10. j.

      Martinelli, D., Mincuzzi, A., Minerba, S., Tafuri, S., Conversano, M., Caputi, G., Lopalco, G. L., Quarto, M., Germinario, C., & Prato, R. (2009). Malignant cancer mortality in Province of Taranto (Italy). Geographic analysis in an area of high environmental risk. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 50, 181–190.

    11. k.

      Mitis, F., Martuzzi, M., Biggeri, A., Bertollini, R., & Terracini, B. (2005). Industrial activities in sites at high environmental risk and their impact on the health of the population. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 11, 88–95.

  2. 2.

    FederAcciai confederation

    1. a.

      FederAcciai (2012). La siderurgia italiana in cifre. [FedearAcciai. “The Italian steel industry in figures” – our translation]

  3. 3.

    Eurofer

    1. a.

      Eurofer (2012). European steel in figures 2008–2012.

    2. b.

      Eurofer (2012). Annual report and European steel in figures.

1.4 D. ILVA SpA reports and press releases

  1. a.

    ILVA (2010). “Bilancio separato e consolidato annuale”. [ILVA separated and consolidated annual—our translation]

  2. b.

    ILVA (2011). “Bilancio separato e consolidato annuale” [ILVA separated and consolidated annual statement—our translation]

  3. c.

    ILVA (2011). “Trend finanziari: 2007–2011. [ILVA. Financial trends: 2007–2011—our translation].

  4. d.

    Relazioni commissari straordinari: giugno-settembre 2013, ottobre-dicembre 2013, gennaio- marzo 2014, giugno-agosto 2014; post insolvenza: aprile 2015, luglio 2015, novembre 2015. [Extraordinary commissioners’ reports: June–September 2013, October-December 2013, January-March 2014, June–August 2014; post insolvency: April 2015, July 2015, November 2015.”—our translation]

  5. e.

    Relazioni dello stato di aggiornamento dello stato di attuazione degli interventi strutturali e gestionali (prescrizioni AIA): gennaio 2013, aprile 2013, ottobre 2013, gennaio 2014, aprile 2014. [“Reports on the implementation state of structural and management measures (AIA prescriptions): January 2013, April 2013, October 2013, January 2014, April 2014.”—our translation]

  6. f.

    Nota ILVA 2013 - critica al documento “Valutazione danno sanitario Arpa”. [ILVA press note 2013 - criticism of the document Health Damage Assessment by ARPA.”—our translation]

  7. g.

    Programma dei commissari (dicembre 2015). [Extraordinary commissioners plan (December 2015)—our translation]

  8. h.

    Comunicati stampa: 13 agosto 2015, 15 settembre 2015. [“Press releases: 13th August 2015, 15th September 2015”—our translation].

  9. i.

    Nota stampa ILVA: l’autorizzazione integrata (Aia) e i nuovi limiti per l’impianto di agglomerazione e sinterizzazione (camino E312) entreranno in vigore dal 30 giugno 2017. [ILVA press note: the Integrated Environmental Authorization (AIA) and the new limits for the agglomeration and sintering plant (chimney E312) will come into force on 30 June 2017.”—our translation]

1.5 E. Newspapers, magazines, TV shows and blogs (the newspapers are reported in alphabetical order, then in chronological order)

  1. 1.

    “Corriere del Mezzogiorno” newspaper

    1. a.

      Unknown author (3rd September 2015). “I pm: rifiuti smaltiti illecitamente. Ilva nella bufera.” [Unknown author. “The prosecutors: illicit waste. Ilva in the storm”—our translation]

    2. b.

      Consigliere, I. (14th July 2015). “Ilva di Taranto, per il 53% bisogna tutelare i lavoratori.” [Consigliere, I. “Ilva in Taranto, for the 53% must protect workers”—our translation]

  2. 2.

    “Il Fatto Quotidiano” newspaper

    1. a.

      Casula, F. (2nd March 2012). “Ilva di Taranto, perizia choc: “90 morti all’anno per emissioni nocive della fabbrica”.” [Casula, F. “Ilva in Taranto, choc report: 90 deaths per year due to harmful emissions from the factory.”—our translation]

    2. b.

      Unknown author (26th July 2012). “Ilva sequestrata: “Disastro ambientale”.” [Unknown author. “Ilva have been seized: “Environmental disaster””—our translation]

    3. c.

      Casula, F. (9th April 2013). “Salva Ilva, Consulta respinge ricorso Tribunale e gip: “Costituzionale”.” [Casula, F. “Save Ilva, Council rejects Tribunal’s appeal and the Preliminary inquiry judge: “Constitutional”.”—our translation]

    4. d.

      Marescotti, A. (27th May 2013). “Ilva, la bufala dei 40 mila posti a rischio.” [Marescotti, A. “Ilva, the hoax of 40 thousand jobs at risk”—our translation]

  3. 3.

    “Il Giornale” newspaper

    1. a.

      Carucci, E. (9th December 2015). “Ilva, il processo riparte dal gup e l’Asl vieta di aprire le finestre.” [Carucci, E. “Ilva, the process starts again from the Preliminary hearing judge and the Local Health Agency forbids opening the windows”—our translation]

    2. b.

      Carucci, E. (16th February 2016). “Emiliano chiama. Renzi non risponde. “Serve la decarbonizzazione dell’Ilva”.” [Carucci, E. “Emiliano calls. Renzi does not answer. We need the decarbonisation of Ilva.”—our translation]

    3. c.

      Carucci, E. (27th February 2016). “L’Ilva autodenuncia i suoi livelli di diossina. Sono allarmanti.” [Carucci, E. “Ilva self-denies its dioxin levels. They are alarming”—our translation]

    4. d.

      Carucci, E. (23th March 2016). “Quella diossina è dell’Ilva, anzi no.” [Carucci, E. “That dioxin belongs to ILVA, not indeed”—our translation]

  4. 4.

    “Il Sole 24 Ore” newspaper

    1. a.

      Giliberto, J. (26th June 2011). “Ilva Taranto, chiesto lo stop.” [Gilberto, J. “Ilva in Taranto, asked the stop”—our translation]

    2. b.

      Palmiotti, D. (18th July 2012). “L’Ilva di Taranto a rischio chiusura.” [Palmiotti, D. “ILVA in Taranto risks to close down”—our translation]

    3. c.

      Pa., D. (18th July 2012). “L’acciaieria più grande d’Europa”. [Pa., D. “The biggest European steel plant” – our translation].

    4. d.

      Palmiotti, D. (25th July 2012). “Spiragli per l’Ilva di Taranto.” [Palmiotti, D. “Glimmers for the Taranto’s ILVA”—our translation]

    5. e.

      Unknown author (6th August 2012). “Ilva di Taranto. Ferrante: se lo stabilimento chiude stop anche Genova e Novi Ligure.” [Unknown author. “Ilva in Taranto. Ferrante: if the plant closes, stops also to Genoa and Novi Ligure.”—our translation]

    6. f.

      Unknown author (18th September 2012). “Ilva Taranto, Ferrante deposita in procura il piano di risanamento.” [Unknown author. “Ilva Taranto, Ferrante filed the recovery plan to public prosecutor’s office”—our translation]

    7. g.

      Cottone, N. (3rd October 2012). “L’abc del decreto Ilva: riconosciuta la zona industriale di Taranto come area in situazione di crisi.” [Cottone, N. “The abc of the Ilva decree: recognized the Taranto industrial site as an area in crisis”—our translation]

    8. h.

      Palmiotti, D. (22th October 2012). “Taranto, tumori in aumento esponenziale. Ilva sotto accusa. Clini: si impone un programma straordinario di prevenzione.” [Palmiotti, D. “Taranto, cancers exponential increase. Ilva under accusation. Clini: an extraordinary prevention program is required”—our translation]

    9. i.

      Unknown author (26th October 2012). “Ilva di Taranto, il ministero dell’Ambiente ha rilasciato l’autorizzazione integrata ambientale.” [Unknown author. “Taranto’s ILVA: the Environmental Minister granted the Integrated Environmental Authorization”—our translation]

    10. j.

      Unknown author (26th November 2012). “Chiude l’Ilva di Taranto, 5mila a casa, in corso sciopero di 24 ore. Confindustria calcola oneri per un miliardo. Il Governo convoca le parti.” [Unknown author. “The Ilva of Taranto closes, 5 thousand at home, 24-h strike going on. Confindustria calculates charges for a billion. The Government convenes the parties”—our translation]

    11. k.

      Unknown author (11th February 2016). “Ma i big mondiali avviano le ristrutturazioni.” [Unknown author. “However, the bigs at the global level start the renovations”—our translation]

    12. l.

      Meneghello, M. (1st March 2016). “Distributori «orfani» di Ilva e Cina.” [Meneghello, M. “«Orphan» distributors of Ilva and China”—our translation]

    13. m.

      Meneghello, M. (11th March 2016). “Ilva, Riva contesta i commissari.” [Meneghello, M. “Ilva, Riva disputes the commissioners”—our translation]

    14. n.

      Palmiotti, D. (23rd March2016). “Ilva, Galletti chiama Ispra per l’analisi della diossina. Sì a riduzione d’uso del carbone.” [Palmiotti, D. “Ilva, Galletti calls Ispra for the dioxin’s analysis. Yes to coal reduction use”—our translation]

    15. o.

      Cassese, S. (15th May 2016). “Il Paese dalle mani legate. [Cassese, S. “The Country with tied hands”—our translation]

    16. p.

      Meneghello, M. (18th May 2016). “Ilva, Italia sotto accusa a Strasburgo.” [Meneghello, M. “Ilva, Italy accused in Strasbourg”—our translation]

    17. q.

      Meneghello, M. (3rd June 2016). “«L’Ilva è strategica ma va risanata».” [Meneghello, M. “Ilva is strategic but it needs to be restored”—our translation]

    18. r.

      Meneghello, M. (7th March 2017). “In porto le due offerte per rilevare Ilva.” [Meneghello, M. “Successfully completed the two offers to take over ILVA”—our translation]

    19. s.

      Meneghello, M. (26th July 2018). “Ilva, dal «giallo» sulla gara ai rischi sul futuro. Tutti gli interrogativi a un anno dall’aggiudicazione.” [Meneghello, M. “Ilva, from the “mystery” on the race to the one of the risks about the future. All questions within a year of the adjudication”—our translation]

  5. 5.

    “La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno” newspaper

    1. a.

      Unknown author (27th September 2012). “Ilva, gli operai in sciopero presidi e blocchi a Taranto. Procura: «Si va avanti». Sciopero spacca sindacati e lavoratori. Vendola: I profitti ciclopici per risanare. Cosa prevede il piano dell’azienda respinto.” [Unknown author. “Ilva, the workers on strike and blocks in Taranto. Prosecutor’s office: «We go on». Strike splits unions and workers. Vendola: Cyclopean profits to restore. What included the rejected company plan”—our translation]

    2. b.

      Unknown author (29th September 2012). “Ilva, operai tornano in fabbrica ma in dieci restano sui camini. AIA pronta per il parere tecnico. Clini: «Nell’Aia c’è tutto per la salute».” [Unknown author. “Ilva, workers return to the plant but ten remain on the chimneys. AIA ready for the technical opinion. Clini: «In the AIA there is everything for health».”—our translation]

  6. 6.

    “La Repubblica” newspaper

    1. a.

      Unknown author (24th July 2012). “Inquinamento llva, i comitati all’Aja «Genocidio e crimini contro l’umanità».” [Unknown author. “Pollution llva, the Aja committees «Genocide and crimes against humanity».”—our translation]

    2. b.

      Unknown author (26th July 2012). “Ilva: sigilli e 8 arresti, è sciopero a oltranza. Il gip: “Dagli impianti, malattia e morte”.” [Unknown author. “Ilva: seals and 8 arrests, it is strike to the bitter end. The investigating judge: «From implants, illness and death».”—our translation]

    3. c.

      Unknown author (6th August 2012). “Ilva Taranto: Clini, non ho nessuna intenzione di dimettermi.” [Unknown author. “Taranto’s Ilva: Clini, I have no intention of resigning”—our translation]

    4. d.

      Paolini, R. (10th September 2012). “Auto, elettrodomestici, tubi quanto conta l’acciaio Ilva per l’industria italiana.” [Paolini, R. “Cars, appliances, pipes, how much does Ilva’s steel count for the Italian industry”—our translation]

    5. e.

      Unknown author (17th September 2012). “Ilva, mortalità più alta del 10%. Giallo sul nuovo studio dell’Iss.” [Unknown author. “Ilva, mortality higher than the 10%. Mystery about the new study by ISS”—our translation]

    6. f.

      Unknown author (20th September 2012). “Ilva, Clini: “Manipolati i dati su tumori”. E anche Bonelli querela il ministro.” [Unknown author. “Ilva, Clini: Cancer data manipulated”. Bonelli sues the Minister too”—our translation]

    7. g.

      Diliberto, M. (25th September 2012). “Ilva, il gip boccia il piano di risanamento Clini: decidiamo noi, senza interferenze.” [Diliberto, M. “Ilva, the preliminary inquiry judge rejects the recovery plan. Clini: we decide, without interference”—our translation]

    8. h.

      Unknown author (28th September 2012). “Ilva, una manifestazione a Roma “Meno emissioni con la nuova Aia”.” [Unknown author. “Iva, an event in Rome “Less emissions with the new AIA”—our translation]

    9. i.

      Diliberto, M. (15th October 2012). “Ilva, l’appello di Napolitano “Intesa tra magistrati e istituzioni”.” [Diliberto, M. “Ilva, the call of Napolitano: «agreement between magistrates and institutions»”—our translation]

    10. j.

      Unknown author (20th October 2012). “Clini: Per salvare l’Ilva l’unica via è quella dell’Aia.” [Unkown author. “Clini: to save Ilva the only way is that of AIA”—our translation]

    11. k.

      Ricapito, V. (9th December 2015). “Ilva, il processo ‘Ambiente svenduto’ ripartirà da zero: nel verbale mancava il nome di un legale.” [Ricapito, V. “Ilva, the ‘Sell out environment’ process’ will start from the beginning: the name of an attorney was missing in the minute”—our translation]

    12. l.

      Cassano, A. (16th December 2015). “Ilva, un’altra beffa per le aziende dell’indotto: il governo boccia l’emendamento pd per sostenerle.” [Cassano, A. “Ilva, another insult to the companies of the sub-sector: the government rejects the pd amendment to support them”—our translation]

    13. m.

      Ricapito, V. (25th December 2015). “Ilva, l’affondo di Emiliano: “Se continua a inquinare chiederò lo stop alla produzione”.” [Ricapito, V. “Ilva, the Emiliano thrust: «If it continues to pollute, I will ask for the stop of the production».”—our translation]

    14. n.

      Unknown author (28th December 2015). “Ilva, la proposta di Emiliano al governo: “Affidiamola all’Enel. Mittal è una condanna”.” [Unknown author. “Emiliano’s proposal to the government: «Let’s entrust Ilva to Enel. Mittal is a blame».”—our translation]

    15. o.

      Randacio, E. (26th January 2016). “Ilva, Bruno Ferrante indagato a Milano per bancarotta.” [Randacio, E. “Ilva, Bruno Ferrante investigated for bankruptcy in Milan”—our translation]

    16. p.

      Unknown author (26th January 2016). “Ilva, Palazzo Chigi assicura: “La Ue ha detto sì ai lavori per le bonifiche e a tutela della salute”.” [Unknown author. “Ilva, Palazzo Chigi assures: «The EU has said yes to the works for the reclamations and health protection».”—our translation]

    17. q.

      Unknown author (27th January 2016). “Ilva, via libera del Senato: è legge il decreto sulla cessione a terzi.” [Unknown author. “llva, the ok by the Senate: the decree on the sale to third parties is law”—our translation]

    18. r.

      Unknown author (28th January 2016). “Ilva, gli operai di Taranto chiedono più soldi: “Altrimenti protestiamo come a Genova”.” [Unknown author. “Ilva, the workers of Taranto ask for more money: «Otherwise we protest as in Genoa».”—our translation]

    19. s.

      Ricapito, V. (27th February 2016). “Taranto, più diossina in strada che nello stabilimento Ilva: polemiche per i dati shock.” [Ricapito, V. “Taranto, more dioxin in the streets than in the Ilva plant: controversy for the shock data”—our translation]

    20. t.

      Minella, M. (27th March 2016). “Ilva, la cordata italoturca: privati e Cassa Depositi alleati con Erdemir.” [Minella, M. “Ilva, the Italo-Turkish consortium: private individuals and Cassa Depositi allied with Erdemir”—our translation]

    21. u.

      Ricapito, V. (30th March 2016). “Ilva, Fabio Riva lascia il carcere: ai domiciliari dopo il sì del tribunale del riesame di Taranto.” [Ricapito, V. “Ilva, Fabio Riva leaves the prison: at home after the yes of the court of the review of Taranto”—our translation]

    22. v.

      Ricapito, V. (30th March 2016). “Ilva, a Taranto altri due incidenti in poche ore: i due operai feriti non sono gravi.” [Ricapito, V. “Ilva, in Taranto two more accidents in a few hours: the two wounded workers are not serious”—our translation]

    23. w.

      Unknown author (6th September 2016). “Ilva, Clini: “Non trattiamo sull’Aia” Confindustria: “Chiudere? Un disastro”.” [Unknown author. “Ilva, Clini: We do not deal with AIA Confindustria: To close? A disaster”—our translation]

  7. 7.

    La Stampa newspaper

    1. a.

      Corbi, M. (28th July 2012). “Ilva, nel quartiere Tamburi coperto di polvere rosa. Siamo morti viventi.” [Corbi, M. “Ilva, in the Tamburi district covered by pink dust. «We are living dead»”—our translation]

    2. b.

      DiTodaro, F. (3rd October 2016). “Ilva choc, a Taranto + 30% di bambini malati.” [DiTodaro, F. “Ilva choc, in Taranto + 30% of sick children”—our translation]

  8. 8.

    “Panorama” magazine

    1. a.

      Amadori, G. (3rd June 2013). “Ilva, la grande guerra.” [Amadori, G. “ILVA, the great war”—our translation]

    2. b.

      Petrelli, M. (7th September 2013). “Ilva e salute, i dati della discordia.” [Petrelli, M. “Ilva and the health, the discord data”—our translation]

    3. c.

      Luciano, S. (13th September 2012). “Ilva, la chiusura e il fallimento di Enrico Bondi.” [Luciano, S. “Iva, the closure and the Enrico Bondi failure”—our translation]

    4. d.

      Cordasco, G. (13th September 2013). “Caso Ilva, ora si pensa a un super-commissario.” [Cordasco, G. “Ilva case, now it is matter of a super-commissioner”—our translation]

    5. e.

      Petrelli, M. (19th September 2013). “Ilva, le responsabilità dei Riva e della procura.” [Petrelli, M. “Ilva, the Riva and the prosecutors’ responsibilities”—our translation]

    6. f.

      Petrelli, M. (22th September 2013). “L’Ilva produrrà acciaio pulito. Ma a che prezzo?” [Petrelli, M. “Ilva will produce “clean” steel”. But at what price?—our translation]

    7. g.

      Petrelli, M. (5th July 2014). “Ilva, mortalità infantile cresciuta del 21%.” [Petrelli, M. “ilva, children mortality increases by the 21%”—our translation]

    8. h.

      Cordasco, G. (10th February2015). “Ilva Taranto, ecco quale sarà il futuro dello stabilimento.” [Cordasco, G. “Tarantos’ Ilva, here’s what the future of the plant will be”—our translation]

    9. i.

      Unknown author (5th June 2015). “Fiat chiude i rapporti con Ilva: la mail-documento.” [Unknown author. “Fiat closes its relations with Ilva: the mail-document”—our translation]

    10. j.

      Unknown author (23th July 2015). “Ilva di Taranto, 47 rinviati a giudizio: c’è anche Vendola.” [Unknown author. “Tarantos’ Ilva, 47 deferred to judgment: among them also Vendola”—our translation]

    11. k.

      Piperno, A. (4th November 2015). “Ilva, parla Piero Gnudi: Nella Legge di Stabilità una garanzia per l’azienda.” [Piperno, A. “Ilva, Piero Gnudi speaks: in the Stability Law a guarantee for the company”—our translation]

    12. l.

      Adnkronos (11th January 2016). “‘Operazione ‘Ilva’, Clini: Fu un atto contro il Paese.” [Adnkronos. “Operation ‘Ilva’, Clini: It was an act against the country”—our translation]

    13. m.

      Unknown author (20th January 2016). “Ilva: i perché dell’indagine dell’Unione europea per aiuti di Stato.” [Unknown author. “Ilva: the reasons of the EU inquiry on state’s aid”—our translation]

  9. 9.

    Italian TV inquiry show “REPORT”

    1. a.

      Report (September 2013). “Patto d’acciaio. [Report television show. “The steel pact”—our translation]

    2. b.

      Report (18th November 2013). “Aggiornamento Patto d’acciaio.” [Report television show. “The steel pact” update—our translation]

    3. c.

      Report (2013). Prezzo e valore dell’aria.” [Report television show. “Air price and value”—our translation]

    4. d.

      Report (23rd July 2015). “ILVA: Disastro ambientale, 47 a giudizio e due condanne.” [Report television show. “ILVA: environmental disaster, 47 in courts and 2 convictions”—our translation]

    5. e.

      Report (10th April 2016). “No, tu no!” [Report television show. “No, not you!”—our translation]

  10. 10.

    PEACELINK environmental association blog

    1. a.

      Peacelink (8th August 2014). “Cronologia delle lotte dei cittadini.” [Peacelink blog. “Chronology of the citizens fights”—our translation]

    2. b.

      Peacelink (22nd December 2015). “Riscontro a richiesta dell’associazione Peacelink del 22 dicembre 2015 in merito all’esercizio dell’impianto altoforno 1 dell’ILVA S.p.A. (Taranto)”. [Peacelink blog. Required feedback about the use of the blast furnace 1 of ILVA S.p.A. (Taranto”—our translation]

    3. c.

      Peacelink (13th January 2016). “ILVA: Afo1 fermo dal 2012. Ispra: afo1 è in esercizio!” [Peacelink blog. ILVA: Blast furnace 1 stop from 2012. IPRA: blast furnace is in action!”–our translation].

    4. d.

      Peacelink (9th March 2016). “L’Ilva e Kant: i nuovi limiti della diossina rinviati a giugno 2017.” [Peacelink blog. “ILVA and Kant: the new dioxin limits postpone to June 2017”—our translation]

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Lai, A., Panfilo, S. & Stacchezzini, R. The governmentality of corporate (un)sustainability: the case of the ILVA steel plant in Taranto (Italy). J Manag Gov 23, 67–109 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-019-09457-1

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