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Estimation of local and external contributions of biomass burning to PM2.5 in an industrial zone included in a large urban settlement

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Abstract

A total of 85 PM2.5 samples were collected at a site located in a large industrial zone (Porto Marghera, Venice, Italy) during a 1-year-long sampling campaign. Samples were analyzed to determine water-soluble inorganic ions, elemental and organic carbon, and levoglucosan, and results were processed to investigate the seasonal patterns, the relationship between the analyzed species, and the most probable sources by using a set of tools, including (i) conditional probability function (CPF), (ii) conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF), (iii) concentration weighted trajectory (CWT), and (iv) potential source contribution function (PSCF) analyses. Furthermore, the importance of biomass combustions to PM2.5 was also estimated. Average PM2.5 concentrations ranged between 54 and 16 μg m−3 in the cold and warm period, respectively. The mean value of total ions was 11 μg m−3 (range 1–46 μg m−3): The most abundant ion was nitrate with a share of 44 % followed by sulfate (29 %), ammonium (14 %), potassium (4 %), and chloride (4 %). Levoglucosan accounted for 1.2 % of the PM2.5 mass, and its concentration ranged from few ng m−3 in warm periods to 2.66 μg m−3 during winter. Average concentrations of levoglucosan during the cold period were higher than those found in other European urban sites. This result may indicate a great influence of biomass combustions on particulate matter pollution. Elemental and organic carbon (EC, OC) showed similar behavior, with the highest contributions during cold periods and lower during summer. The ratios between biomass burning indicators (K+, Cl−, NO3 −, SO4 2−, levoglucosan, EC, and OC) were used as proxy for the biomass burning estimation, and the contribution to the OC and PM2.5 was also calculated by using the levoglucosan (LG)/OC and LG/PM2.5 ratios and was estimated to be 29 and 18 %, respectively.

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Acknowledgments

This study presents a part of the results obtained in the framework of the project “Study of secondary particulate matter in the Venice area,” financially supported by Ente Zona Industriale di Porto Marghera (http://www.entezona.it/).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca’ Foscari, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia Mestre, Italy

    Francesca Benetello, Stefania Squizzato, Angelika Hofer, Md. Badiuzzaman Khan, Giancarlo Rampazzo & Bruno Pavoni

  2. Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA

    Mauro Masiol

  3. Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università di Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy

    Andrea Piazzalunga

  4. Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy

    Paola Fermo

  5. Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale del Veneto, Dipartimento Provinciale di Venezia, via Lissa 6, 30174, Venezia Mestre, Italy

    Gian Maria Formenton

Authors
  1. Francesca Benetello
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  2. Stefania Squizzato
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  3. Angelika Hofer
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  4. Mauro Masiol
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  5. Md. Badiuzzaman Khan
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  6. Andrea Piazzalunga
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  7. Paola Fermo
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  8. Gian Maria Formenton
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  9. Giancarlo Rampazzo
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  10. Bruno Pavoni
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bruno Pavoni.

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We would like to stress that the views expressed in this study are exclusively of the authors and do not necessarily correspond to those of ARPAV.

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Responsible editor: Constantini Samara

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Benetello, F., Squizzato, S., Hofer, A. et al. Estimation of local and external contributions of biomass burning to PM2.5 in an industrial zone included in a large urban settlement. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 2100–2115 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7987-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7987-0

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