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Balanced acidity by microwave-assisted ion-exchange of ZSM-5 zeolite as a catalyst for transformation of glucose to levulinic acid

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Abstract

Levulinic acid (LA) is a worthwhile biochemical usable as a building-block for the formation of wide variety of chemicals and fuels. In the present work, a series of ion-exchanged ZSM-5-type zeolites were formulated in order to obtain a bifunctional catalyst with modulated acidity in the aspect of amount, strength, and type (Lewis and Brønsted) for the transformation of glucose as a bio-based model component to LA. In particular, ion-exchanged ZSM-5 were prepared by an aqueous ion-exchange method using NH4Cl and CuCl2 salts and a microwave-assisted solid-state ion-exchange technique using solid transition metal (Mn(II), Fe(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II)) chlorides. Morphological features and acidity of the catalysts were assessed using XRD, SEM, EDX, TG–DTA, N2-physisorption, NH3-TPD, and FTIR both as such and by adsorbing/desorbing 2,6-dimethylpyridine (2,6-DMP) as a probe molecule. Microwave has been selected as the best ion-exchange technique which led to the improvement of Lewis acidity of ZSM-5 and obtaining a balanced acid catalyst with a high Lewis to Brønsted acid ratio (L/B) and mostly weak and medium acid sites. Among several metal ions used for ion-exchange process, Cu(II) with high charge transfer and by introduction of low amount of acid sites acted as the best option for desired reaction pathway. Therefore, CuZSM5-M prepared by microwave technique with a balanced L/B ratio has shown the best performance in the conversion of glucose to LA with 37% yield.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CATMAT Lab, Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice and INSTM RUVe, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venezia Mestre, Italy

    Somayeh Taghavi, Elena Ghedini, Federica Menegazzo & Michela Signoretto

  2. Chemistry Department, University of Turin and NIS Interdept. Centre and INSTM RUTo, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy

    Alessia Giordana & Giuseppina Cerrato

  3. Physics and Earth Sciences Department, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1-44122, Ferrara, Italy

    Giuseppe Cruciani

  4. Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Via Pascoli, 06123, Perugia, Italy

    Alessandro Di Michele

  5. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Arak University, Dr. Beheshti Ave, Arak, 38156-88349, Iran

    Mojgan Zendehdel

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  1. Somayeh Taghavi
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  2. Elena Ghedini
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Highlights

• Brønsted and Lewis acid site modification of NaZSM-5 using aqueous ion-exchange.

• Lewis acid modification of NaZSM-5 using microwave-assisted solid ion-exchange.

• Solid transition metals of the fourth period of the periodic table as the exchanged ions.

• Microwave ion-exchanged NaZSM-5 as the best catalyst for glucose to levulinic acid.

• Cu(II) as the best exchanged ion in NaZSM-5 for glucose conversion to levulinic acid.

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Taghavi, S., Ghedini, E., Menegazzo, F. et al. Balanced acidity by microwave-assisted ion-exchange of ZSM-5 zeolite as a catalyst for transformation of glucose to levulinic acid. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 8251–8269 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03026-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03026-7

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