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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 July 2015
This article examines the enrollment of a brigade of armed volunteers which took place in Great Britain in summer 1860 to help the Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy. Through the narrative strategies used to promote the enlistment and the images of the brigade that circulated in both Great Britain and Italy, it reveals features of a cosmopolitanism of nations and of a commitment based on transnational values spread in the nineteenth century. This article argues that the narratives used to mobilize men for a foreign cause not only shared values of freedom, justice, fraternity among nations, and a romantic appeal, but they had a strong national connotation. It was British pride in its freedom and constitution that gave the power and legitimacy to interfere in foreign affairs. Moreover, joining foreign causes strengthened a sentiment of British national pride and identity. The Legion's organizational and disciplinary problems also shed light on the biases and difficulties that troubled these kinds of expeditions and on the latent contradictions between a sense of patriotic duty, the transnational ideals that dominated the rhetoric, and the underlying disillusionment and frustration of the daily routine.
I am grateful to Carlotta Sorba, Olindo De Napoli, and the two anonymous readers for their helpful comments at various stages.
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2 Gilles Pécout, ‘Le rotte internazionali del volontariato’, in Mario Isnenghi and Eva Cecchinato, eds., Fare l'Italia: unità e disunità nel Risorgimento (Turin, 2008), p. 191; on international armed volunteers, see monographic number of Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 14 (2009), pp. 413–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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4 For example, see Lucy Riall, Garibaldi: l'invenzione di un eroe (Rome and Bari, 2007); Maurizio Isabella, Risorgimento in exile, Italian émigrés and the liberal international in the post-Napoleonic era (Oxford, 2009); Elena Bacchin, Italofilia: opinione pubblica britannica e Risorgimento italiano, 1847–1864 (Rome and Turin, 2014).
5 Marcella Pellegrino Sutcliffe, ‘L'amore per Garibaldi: consumante passione o prodotto di consumo?’, in Penelope Morris, Francesco Ricatti, and Mark Seymour, eds., Politica ed emozioni nella storia d'Italia dal 1848 a oggi (Rome, 2012), pp. 53–70; idem, ‘British red shirts: a history of the Garibaldi volunteers (1860)’, in Arielli and Collins, eds., Transnational soldiers, pp. 202–18.
6 Liverpool Mercury, 13 Aug. 1860.
7 George M. Trevelyan, Garibaldi and the making of Italy, June–November 1860 (London, 1928), pp. 64–5.
8 Bishopsgate Library, London, George Jacob Holyoake collection (Bish., Holyoake), folder 11/4 (6), newspaper cutting, Daily News, [15 Oct. 1860].
9 Lloyd's Newspaper, 23 Dec. 1860; Liverpool Mercury, 13 Aug. 1860; Manchester Times, 1 Sept. 1860.
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14 Constance D'Azeglio, Souvenirs historiques tirés de sa correspondance avec son fils Emmanuel avec l'addition de quelques lettres de son mari le marquis Robert D'Azeglio de 1835 è 1861 (Turin, 1884), pp. 639–40, diary, 2 June 1860.
15 Popolo d'Italia, 18 Oct. 1860.
16 Museo del Risorgimento di Milano (MRM), Fund Agostino Bertani, folder 48.v (50), Peard to Garibaldi, 11 Sept. 1860.
17 Ibid., folder 16.xxv (8), Leverson to Garibaldi, 11 Sept. 1860.
18 Liverpool Mercury, 18 Sept. 1860; Bish., Holyoake, folder 11/4 (14), newspaper cutting, Morning Post [24 Nov. 1860].
19 Morning Chronicle, 27 Sept. 1860.
20 Lloyd's newspaper, 23 Sept. 1860.
21 Archivio di Stato di Torino, Ministero della guerra, Esercito Italia Meridionale (AST, EIM), folder 226.2, letter by Peard, marginal note, 15 Feb. 1861; ibid., folder 226.2, notes by Hoskins, 15 Oct. 1860.
22 Marcella Pellegrino Sutcliffe, ‘Volontari garibaldini inglesi: “escursionisti” in Sicilia’, in Annita Garibaldi Jallet and Anna Maria Lazzarino del Grosso, eds., L'Italia sullo sfondo, in Garibaldi, orizzonti mediterranei (La Maddalena, 2009), pp. 217–37; idem, ‘L'amore per Garibaldi’; Göhde, Ferdinand N., ‘German volunteers in the armed conflicts of the Italian Risorgimento, 1834–1870’, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 14 (2009), pp. 461–75, at pp. 465–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Christine G. Krueger and Sonja Levsen, ‘Introduction: volunteers, war and the nation since the French Revolution’, in idem and idem, eds., War volunteering in modern times from the French Revolution to the Second World War (London, 2011), pp. 8–9.
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24 Newcastle Daily Chronicle, 26 Nov. 1860.
25 Daily News, 1 Dec. 1860, letter by Cueto.
26 Popolo d'Italia, 6 Dec. 1860, letter by Hodge.
27 Isabella, Risorgimento in exile, pp. 25–6.
28 Daily News, 13 Aug. 1860.
29 Bish., Holyoake, folder 11/3 (1), note to the Garibaldi excursionists.
30 Birmingham Daily Post, 26 Oct. 1860.
31 Ibid., 18 Jan. 1861.
32 Lo Cuorpo de Napole e lo Sebbeto, 24 Oct. 1860.
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36 Popolo d'Italia, 30 Dec. 1860.
37 MRM, Fund Garibaldi-Curatulo, folder 441 (4), Holyoake to Garibaldi, 21 Sept. 1860.
38 Daily News, 11 Sept. 1860.
39 Parry, The politics of patriotism, pp. 231–2; Maura O'Connor, The romance of Italy and the English imagination (Houndmills, 1998), p. 80; Pécout, ‘Le rotte internazionali del volontariato’, p. 193. In parliament, Lord Russell, talking about Garibaldi's expedition in Sicily, connected it with William III and the Glorious Revolution in order to distinguish a filibuster from a patriot; Hansard parliamentary debates, House of Commons, vol. 158, 17 May 1860, cc. 1393–413, at c. 1406.
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44 Ibid. (62), Saffeny to Garibaldi, 21 Jan. 1861. Italian volunteers displayed a similar enthusiasm; see Riall, Garibaldi, pp. 348–9.
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53 Times, 25 Oct. 1860.
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55 MRM, Garibaldi-Curatolo, folder 449 (62), Saffeny to Garibaldi, 21 Jan. 1861.
56 Daily News, 8 Oct. 1860.
57 Ibid.
58 Bish., Holyoake, folder 11/3 (2 e 3), printed leaflets, [1860].
59 Popolo d'Italia, 6 Dec. 1860.
60 Bish., Holyoake, folder 11/4 (29), newspaper cutting, Daily Chronicle, [2 July 1907].
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64 Unità italiana, 16 Oct. 1860.
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72 Daily News, 11 Sept. 1860; Riall, Garibaldi, pp. 125–6.
73 Riall, Garibaldi, Introduction.
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79 Glasgow Herald, 20 Sept. 1860.
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91 Trevelyan, Garibaldi and the making, p. 271.
92 Birmingham Daily Post, 24 Oct. 1860; Il Pungolo, 15 Oct. 1860; Popolo d'Italia, 6 Dec. 1860.
93 AST, EIM, folder 226. 2, letter by Peard, 15 Feb. 1861.
94 Reasoner, 18 Nov. 1860.
95 Il Pungolo, 19 Oct. 1860.
96 Riall, Garibaldi, pp. 287–313.
97 Birmingham Daily Post, 23 Nov. 1860, letter by Mason Jones; Glasgow Herald, 18 Dec. 1860, letter by A Garibaldian Volunteer; Morning Chronicle, 1 Jan. 1861; Daily News, 24 Nov. 1860, letter by a father.
98 Glasgow Herald, 13 Nov. 1860.
99 Caledonian Mercury, 10 Dec. 1860, letter by Clyatt; Liverpool Mercury, 21 Nov. 1860, letter by Lascelles; Daily News, 28 Nov. 1860, letter by Conningham.
100 Liverpool Mercury, 21 Nov. 1860, letter by Lascelles; Morning Chronicle, 28 Nov. 1860, letter by Dunne.
101 Reynolds's Newspaper, 24 Feb. 1861.
102 W. B. Brooke, Out with Garibaldi, or from Melazzo to Capua (London, 1860), p. 270; G. G. Thaon di Revel, Da Ancona a Napoli: miei ricordi (Turin, 1892), p. 70.
103 Liverpool Mercury, 15 Nov. 1860.
104 Glasgow Herald, 18 Dec. 1860, letter by A Garibaldian Volunteer.
105 AST, EIM, folder 226.1 (15), Peard to Garibaldi, 30 Nov. 1860.
106 L'Unità italiana, 2 Dec. and 28 Oct. 1860.
107 Birmingham Daily Post, 23 Nov. 1860, letter by Mason Jones.
108 Glasgow Herald, 18 Dec. 1860, letter by A Garibaldian Volunteer.
109 Popolo d'Italia, 6 Dec. 1860.
110 Daily News, 28 Nov. 1860, letter by Conningham.
111 AST, EIM, folder 226.1, letter by twenty-five officials, 13 Nov. 1860.
112 Ibid., letter by twenty-seven officials, 10 Nov. 1860.
113 Ibid., Peard to Signor Ministro, 17 Nov. [1860], and Peard to Garibaldi, 9 Dec. 1860.
114 Liverpool Mercury, 15 Nov. 1860; AST, EIM, folder 226.1, copy of Garibaldi's letter, 12 Oct. 1860.
115 MRM, Garibaldi-Curatolo, folder 441 (2), Holyoake to Sir [Peard], 20 Sept. 1860.
116 Morning Chronicle, 13 Nov. 1860.
117 Daily News, 1 Dec. 1860; ibid., 28 Nov. 1860, letter by Conningham.
118 AST, EIM, folder 226.1 (22), Peard to Garibaldi, 11 Jan. 1861.
119 Ibid., (1), Peard to Garibaldi, 23 Oct. 1860.
120 Morning Chronicle, 26 Oct. 1860.
121 Article of Times quoted in Freeman's Journal, 27 Oct. 1860.
122 Liverpool Mercury, 21 Nov. 1860, letter by O. Lascelles.
123 MRM, Garibaldi-Curatulo, folder 441 (1), Holyoake to Garibaldi, 19 Sept. 1860.
124 Birmingham Daily Post, 10 Jan. 1861.
125 MRM, Garibaldi-Curatulo, folder 571 (3), Peard to Garibaldi, 16 Jan. 1861.
126 AST, EIM, folder 226.1, report of a board of enquiry composed by Smelt, Dimand, Hare, Edenborough, Gribbell, [n.d.].
127 Ibid., letter by Moore, 17 Nov. 1860.
128 Ibid., (1), Peard to Garibaldi, 23 Oct. 1860; ibid., copy of the report of a board of enquiry composed by Smelt, Dimand, Crawford, Hare, Gribbell, [n.d.]; ibid., folder 302, documents related to Forbes's brigate in Resina, 3 Oct. 1860.
129 Ibid., folder 226.1, letter by Moore, 17 Nov. 1860.
130 Daily News, 1 Dec. 1860, letter by Cueto; AST, EIM, folder 226.2, letter by Peard, marginal note, 15 Feb. 1861.
131 Archivio di Stato di Napoli, folder 3377.110, vol. 163 (1), report to the police director, 3 Nov. 1860.
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135 Daily News, 11 Sept. 1860.
136 MRM, Bertani, folder 33.cxxx (19), Ashurst to Bertani, 4 Sept. 1860.
137 Ibid., folder 17.xxviii bis (119), Hicks to Garibaldi, 31 Aug. 1860; McCabe, Life and letters, i, p. 316; William J. Linton, Threescore and ten years, 1820–1890: recollections (New York, NY, 1894), pp. 190–1.
138 MRM, Garibaldi-Curatulo, folder 571 (1), Peard to Garibaldi, 18 Oct. [1860]; ibid., folder 365 (4), De Rohan to Garibaldi, 8 Nov. [1860]; AST, EIM, folder 226.1, report of a board of enquiry composed by Smelt, Dimand, Hare, Edenborough, and Gribbell, [n.d.].
139 Daily News, 24 Nov. and 3 Dec. 1860.
140 MRM, folder Garibaldi-Curatulo, folder 441 (2), Holyoake to Sir [Peard], 20 Sept. 1860.
141 MCRR, vol. 594, newspaper cutting n. [n.d.].
142 AST, EIM, folder 226.2, dispatch by Emanuele d'Azeglio, 31 Jan. 1861; H. J. Barid, Tables of foreign exchanges (Edinburgh, 1862), p. 38.
143 Times, 26 Apr. 1861, letter by Heath, 23 Feb.
144 AST, EIM, folder 226.1 (13), Smelt to Peard, 29 Nov. 1860; Freeman's Journal, 12 Dec. 1860.
145 Giulio Adamoli, Da San Martino a Mentana, ricordi di un volontario (Milan, 1911), p. 168.
146 Trevelyan, Garibaldi and the making of Italy, p. 271.
147 Popolo d'Italia, 2 Dec. 1860.
148 Caledonian Mercury, 8 Oct. 1860.
149 Ibid., 10 Dec. 1860, letter by Clyatt.
150 Times, 8 Nov. 1860.
151 Ibid., 7 Dec. 1860.
152 John Pemble, La passione del sud: viaggi mediterranei nell'Ottocento (Bologna, 1998), pp. 156–7.
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155 Times, 25 Oct. 1860.
156 Morning Chronicle, 19 Nov. 1860.
157 Elliot, Some revolutions, pp. 96–100, 107.
158 Birmingham Daily Post, 23 Nov. 1860, letter by Mason Jones.
159 Daily News, 28 Nov. 1860, letter by Conningham.
160 Popolo d'Italia, 6 Dec. 1860.
161 Pemble, La passione del sud, p. 19.
162 MRM, Garibaldi-Curatulo, folder 571 (2), Peard to Garibaldi, 23 Oct. 1860.
163 BL, RP8600, Peard to Mrs. Trollope, 28 Jan. 1861.
164 Unità italiana, 28 Oct. 1860.
165 G. L. Mosse, Le guerre mondiali dalla tragedia al mito dei caduti (Rome and Bari, 1990), p. 23.
166 Boyer, ‘Les volontaires français’, pp. 133–5.
167 Linton, Threescore, p. 189.
168 Daily News, 17 Sept. 1860.
169 The National Archives, London, Home Office 45/7019, report by Capt. E. V. Charlewood, 28 Sept. 1860.
170 Bish., Holyoake, folder 11/2, list of volunteers.
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172 Reasoner, 31 Mar. 1861.
173 AST, EIM, 226.1 (1), Peard to Garibaldi, 23 Oct. 1860.
174 Birmingham Daily Post, 10 Jan. 1861, letter by Edwin George.
175 Ibid., 4 Jan. 1861, letter by A Volunteer.
176 Daily News, 24 Nov. 1860.
177 Mosse, Le guerre mondiali, pp. 30–1; Riall, ‘Martyr cults’, p. 280.
178 Pellegrino Sutcliffe, ‘British red shirts’, pp. 212–13; idem, ‘L'amore per Garibaldi’, p. 66.
179 MRM, Garibaldi-Curatolo, folder 449 (55), R. L. Weeks to Garibaldi, 1 July 1861; ibid., (72), W. Walpole Bell to Garibaldi, 20 Jan. 1862; MCRR, folder 53.11 (22), H. G. Hill to Garibaldi on behalf of forty men who composed the Dowling's Battery, 23 Jan. 1862.
180 BL, Add. MS 52997, Garibaldi's excursionists by H. J. Byron, [1860]. See also Riall, Garibaldi, p. 319.
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