I. Introduction

We are recently witnessing one of the largest movement of migrants and refugees from Asian, African and Middle-east countries towards Europe. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates one million of refugees arrived to the Mediterranean coasts in 2015 mainly from Syria (49%), Afghanistan (21%) and Iraq (8%). Figure 1 reports main routes to EU coasts and to northern Europe. The largest wave of arrivals started in August 2015 following a main route through Turkey, Greece, Macedonia, Hungary and Austria to Germany, France, UK and other northern European countries. Since then, this phenomenon has been in spotlight of the media, which have reported an increasing number of events related to migrants, such as the additional border controls established by Hungary, Austria and Germany, the several incidents involving refugees, or the story of the young Syrian boy found dead on the seashore in Turkey in September 2015.